(1) a meat substitute
(2) Paul's father only saw him as a substitute for his dead brother.
(3) a substitute family

(1) a loaf/slice/piece of bread
(2) white/brown/wholemeal bread
(3) ...a loaf of bread...

(1) She was too tired to take a shower...
(2) Betty took a photograph of us...
(3) The Patriotic Front took power after a three-month civil war...

(1) She tried to stop herself from crying out.
(2) to cry out in fear/alarm/pain
(3) She cried out for help.

(1) The money will go to the San Francisco AIDS foundation.
(2) The organization has grown enormously since its foundation in 1955.
(3) This issue has shaken the foundations of French politics.

(1) a shopping basket
(2) a picnic basket
(3) a clothes/laundry basket (= in which dirty clothes are put before being washed)

(1) I start work at nine.
(2) He's just started a new job.
(3) I only started (= began to read) this book yesterday.

(1) They haven't formally announced their engagement yet.
(2) The government yesterday announced to the media plans to create a million new jobs.
(3) (figurative)A ring at the doorbell announced Jack's arrival.

(1) [常用于名词前]a socialist country
(2) socialist beliefs
(3) the ruling socialist Party

(1) the top/upper jaw
(2) the bottom/lower jaw
(3) He has a strong square jaw.

(1) She ran her fingers through her hair.
(2) Hold the material between finger and thumb.
(3) He was about to speak but she raised a finger to her lips.

(1) the secret formula for the blending of the whisky
(2) formula One™ racing
(3) legal formulae

(1) neither answer is correct.
(2) neither of them has/have a car.
(3) They produced two reports, neither of which contained any useful suggestions.

(1) the Town clerk
(2) the clerk of the Court
(3) The clerk at the counter gave me too little change.

(1) the fight for justice and liberty
(2) He had to endure six months' loss of liberty.
(3) The right to vote should be a liberty enjoyed by all.

(1) Trim off the excess pastry using a sharp knife...
(2) He had simply used a little imagination...
(3) You used all the ice cubes and didn't put the ice trays back...

(1) the basic requirements of life
(2) a software package to meet your requirements
(3) Our immediate requirement is extra staff.

(1) equipment to lighten the load of domestic work
(2) The measures will lighten the tax burden on small businesses.
(3) The sky began to lighten in the east.

(1) Tanya's hands rippled over the keyboard.
(2) ...Sean O'Hagan on keyboards.
(3) ...the keyboard player.

(1) ‘ What sort of music do you like? ’ ‘Oh, all sorts . ’
(2) This sort of problem is quite common./These sorts of problems are quite common.
(3) He's the sort of person who only cares about money.

(1) We had a long, happy, fruitful relationship.
(2) It was a fruitful meeting; we made a lot of important decisions.
(3) Newton's laws were fruitful for the future development of science.

(1) The temperature must be in the nineties today.
(2) It was decided she had to stay another ninety days.
(3) By this time she was in her nineties and needed help more and more frequently.

(1) I like that part of Cape Town...
(2) Respect is a very important part of any relationship.
(3) ...spare parts for military equipment...

(1) She expressed her disgust at the programme by writing a letter of complaint.
(2) The idea fills me with disgust .
(3) I can only feel disgust for these criminals.

(1) a pair of spectacles
(2) a spectacle case (= to put your glasses in)
(3) The carnival parade was a magnificent spectacle.

(1) Both men have repeatedly denied the allegations...
(2) The rebel soldiers tried repeatedly to storm the building.
(3) As we have repeatedly tested, the battery working hours for 20 hours.

(1) professional qualifications/skills
(2) professional standards/practice
(3) an opportunity for professional development

(1) a fierce dog
(2) Two fierce eyes glared at them.
(3) He suddenly looked fierce.

(1) a table, two chairs and a desk
(2) Sue and I left early.
(3) Do it slowly and carefully.

(1) Turn to page 64.
(2) Someone has torn a page out of this book.
(3) a blank/new page

(1) Many people do not like the idea of experiments on animals.
(2) the country's brief experiment in democracy
(3) I've never cooked this before so it's an experiment.

(1) There's still plenty of scope for improvement.
(2) The extra money will give us the scope to improve our facilities.
(3) Her job offers very little scope for promotion.

(1) the front/back door (= at the entrance at the front/back of a building)
(2) the bedroom door
(3) the door frame

(1) a university town
(2) They live in a rough part of town.
(3) The nearest town is ten miles away.

(1) a flat/sloping roof
(2) a thatched/slate, etc. roof
(3) The corner of the classroom was damp where the roof had leaked.

(1) Another mistake like that and you're history.
(2) a patient's medical history
(3) There is a history of heart disease in my family.

(1) Hundreds of people attended the funeral.
(2) a funeral procession
(3) a funeral march (= a sad piece of music suitable for funerals)

(1) a born loser (= a person who always loses or is unsuccessful)
(2) Oh yeah? I wasn't born yesterday, you know.
(3) a born athlete/writer/leader

(1) He was impossibly handsome (= it was difficult to believe that he could be so handsome ) .
(2) a virtual impossibility
(3) an impossibly difficult problem (= impossible to solve)

(1) She has a poor complexion and pock marks on her forehead.
(2) She dabbed iodine on the cuts on her forehead.
(3) A curl of black hair fell loosely across his forehead.