牛津核心300词汇 上 :
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(1) With today's more efficient contraception women can plan their families and careers.
(2) Able to work quickly and efficiently in a high level of cleaning job.
(3) The vitamins, by efficiently destroying the reactive oxygen , short circuit the body's natural response to exercise.
efficiently[ɪˈfɪʃəntlɪ]
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vt.增加;补充;附带说明;把…包括在内;
vi.增加;做加法;累积而成;扩大;
n.加法,加法运算;(一篇报道的)补充部分;
adj.意外的,偶然(发生)的;附属的;
n.偶然;次要方面;
n.层,层次;膜;[植]压条;放置者,计划者;
vt.把…分层堆放;借助压条法;生根繁殖;将(头发)剪成不同层次;
vi.形成或分成层次;[植]通过压条法而生根;
adv.效率高地;有效地;
(1) an electric motor
(2) an electric light/guitar, etc.
(3) an electric current/charge
electric[ɪˈlektrɪk]
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adj.电的,带电的;发电的,导电的;令人激动的;电动的;
n.电动车辆;带电体;
n.视力,视觉;美景,绝妙的东西;幻影;想像力;
vt.在幻觉中看到;幻想,想象;梦见;
vt.& vi.关心;担心;在乎;介意;
vt.喜欢,愿意;想要;希望;欲望[后接不定式,常用于否定、疑问及条件句中];
n.照顾;忧虑;当心;
adj.湿的;下雨的;懦弱的;(儿童)尿湿尿布的;
n.湿地;液体;窝囊废;雨天;
vt.使潮湿;把…弄湿;
(1) the electronic edition of ‘The Guardian ’
(2) Tonight's edition of ‘Panorama ’ looks at unemployment.
(3) The dictionary is now in its sixth edition.
edition[ɪˈdɪʃn]
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adv.明确地;确切地;一定地;肯定地;
int.(表强烈的肯定)当然;
adj.有效率的;(直接)生效的;能干的;(因省钱、省时或省力等而)收效大的;
n.熊;(在证券市场等)卖空的人;蛮横的人;
vt.忍受;承担;支撑;生育;
vi.生(孩子);结(果实);与…有关;
adj.跌价的;股票行情下跌的;卖空者的;
n.版次,版本;(报纸、杂志的)一份;(广播、电视节目的)一期;(书、报、杂志等的)一版印刷总数;
(1) She jabbed him with her elbow.
(2) He's fractured his elbow.
(3) The jacket was worn at the elbows.
elbow[ˈelbəʊ]
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n.同伴;男子;(大学的)研究员;(某些学院或大学的)董事;
adj.同伴的;同事的;同类的;同情况的;
vt.使…与另一个对等;使…与另一个匹敌;
n.盖;帽子;军帽;求交运算;
vi.脱帽致意;
vt.覆盖;给…戴帽;
abbr.Common Agricultural Policy (欧共体)共同农业政策;
vi.发生;出现;闪现;
n.肘部;弯头,扶手;肘形管,弯管;
vt.用肘推挤(另一人或另一些人);用手肘推开;
vi.用肘推搡着前进;在拐角处转弯;
(1) primary/elementary education
(2) secondary education
(3) further/higher/post-secondary education
education[ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn]
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n.叔叔;伯父;舅父;姑父,姨父;
n.教育;教育学;培养;训练;
带;接管;帮…学习;在…上花费;
conj.比(用于比较级);宁愿…而不愿;除…以外;一…就;
prep.超过;比;
(1) She's the editor of a new collection of ghost stories.
(2) [不可数名词]the editorship of ‘The Times ’
(3) our economics editor
editor[ˈedɪtə(r)]
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n.家;家族;(大)家庭(包括父母子女及近亲);语族;
adj.家庭的;一家所有的;属于家庭的;适合全家人的;
=can not;未可;不能;不可;
vt.& vi.引述,引用;
vt.报价;引述;
vi.引用;
n.引用;报价;引号;
n.编辑,编者;校订者;[计]编辑软件,编辑程序;
(1) the planet earth
(2) the history of life on earth
(3) the earth's ozone layer
earth[ə:θ]
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n.住处;适应;便利;和解;
n.地球;地表,陆地;尘事,俗事;兽穴;
vt.把(电线)接地;盖(土);追赶入洞穴;
vi.躲进地洞;
n.网;(电视与计算机)网络;网状物;广播网;
vt.& vi.将…连接成网络;建立工作关系;
vt.把(地方节目)编排到广播网(或电视网)联播;使(全国)联播;(如)用网覆盖;广泛分布;
vi.沟通,互助;
adj.维持生命所必需的;至关重要的;生死攸关的;生气勃勃的;
(1) The company must reduce costs to compete effectively.
(2) You dealt with the situation very effectively.
(3) He was very polite but effectively he was telling me that I had no chance of getting the job.
effectively[ɪˈfektɪvli]
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n.肘部;弯头,扶手;肘形管,弯管;
vt.用肘推挤(另一人或另一些人);用手肘推开;
vi.用肘推搡着前进;在拐角处转弯;
adv.有效地;实际上,事实上;
adj.重要的;权威的;有势力的;有地位的;
vt.取消,注销;抵消,偿还;〈数〉约去;
vi.抵消,中和;
n.撤销,注销;〈数〉(相)约;
(1) She was educated in the US.
(2) He was educated at his local comprehensive school and then at Oxford.
(3) Children need to be educated on the dangers of drug-taking.
educate[ˈedʒukeɪt]
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vt.& vi.教育,教导;训练,培养;
vt.使理解或接受;
n.鸡蛋,蛋;卵;<俚>家伙;
vt.煽动,怂恿;用蛋烹调;<俚>向人扔鸡蛋;
adj.满意的,满足的;清偿过的;确信的,毫无疑问的;
v.使满意( satisfy的过去式和过去分词);
交换;
(1) I'm afraid this essay is a poor effort.
(2) the United Nations' peacekeeping effort
(3) The local clubs are making every effort to interest more young people.
effort[ˈefət]
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abbr.[计量]公里(kilometer);千米;
在前头;预先,事先;提前;先期;
n.努力,尝试;工作;成就;杰作;
adj.微妙的;熟练的;纤弱的;易损的;
(1) She was tall and elegant.
(2) an elegant dress
(3) an elegant room/restaurant
elegant[ˈelɪgənt]
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vt.[牌戏]分;分配;经营;施予;
n.(一笔)交易;许多;待遇;发牌;
vi.论述;(有效地或成功地)处理;惩处;交易;
adj.冷杉木制的,松木制的;
adj.(人或其举止)优美的;漂亮的;简炼的;简洁的;
adj.有教育的;受过良好训练的;
v.教育( educate的过去式和过去分词);训练;教导,教养;
n.薪水,薪金,薪俸;
vt.给…加薪;给…薪水;发…薪水;付…薪水;
(1) an easy exam/job
(2) He didn't make it easy for me to leave.
(3) Their house isn't the easiest place to get to.
easy[ˈi:zi]
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n.海滩,海滨;岸上的沙子和卵石;
vt.将…拖上岸;将滑艇拖到小屋前面的岸边;
vt.跳;跳过;快速移动;(因吃惊、害怕或激动而)猛地一动;
vi.暴涨;跳跃;猛增;
n.猛长,暴涨;(需要跳越的)障碍;跳伞;
n.平底锅;盘状的器皿;淘盘子,金盘,秤盘;
vt.淘金;在浅锅中烹调(食物);[非正式用语]严厉的批评;
vi.淘金;在淘洗中收获金子;
adj.容易的;舒适的;宽裕的;从容的;
adv.容易地;不费力地;悠闲地;缓慢地;
vi.停止划桨(常用作命令);
vt.向(水手或划手)发出停划命令;
(1) He's easily distracted.
(2) I get bored easily.
(3) It's easily the best play I've seen this year.
easily[ˈi:zəli]
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n.道路;方法;方向;某方面;
adv.远远地,大大地;
adv.容易地;很可能;迅速地;频繁地;
adj.过去的,以前的;结束的;前任的;
n.过去,过往;往事;[语]过去时;
prep.超过,超出;远于;越过;
adv.经过,超过;
adv.温柔地,文雅地,有礼貌地;温和地,轻轻地,渐渐地;温柔地;身高贵地;
(1) Which way is east?
(2) A gale was blowing from the east.
(3) a town to the east of (= further east than) Chicago
east[i:st]
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n.东,东方;东方国家;〈诗〉东风;
adj.东方的,向东方的;从东方来的;
adv.向东方(地);
adj.大的,重的;大块的,大量的;魁伟的,结实的;大规模的;
adv.官方地;依据法规等 ;据传;据公布;
n.卡(片)纸板;纸板箱;硬纸板;
adj.硬纸板制的;虚假的;
(1) ‘I'm feeling really depressed. ’ ‘The winter here has that effect sometimes. ’
(2) I tried to persuade him, but with little or no effect.
(3) I can certainly feel the effects of too many late nights.
effect[ɪˈfekt]
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n.(某一语言的)词汇;(尤指外语教科书中附有释义的)词汇表;
adv.(空间)在近处;在附近;(时间)临近;(程度)几乎;
prep.(表示程度)接近;(表示位置)靠近;(表示时间)将近;接近于(某种状态);
adj.近的;亲密的;近似;(亲属关系)近亲;
n.影响;效果;印象;所有物;
vt.使发生;引起;产生(效果);
vi.适应于,适应不同情况(或环境)(to);
vt.改编,改写;改变…以适合(for);
(1) Don't put that glass so near the edge of the table.
(2) I sat down at the water's edge.
(3) Stand the coin on its edge.
edge[edʒ]
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adj.唯一的,仅有的;独一无二的,独特的;不平常的,特别的;超绝;
n.边;优势;(悬崖、峭壁的)边缘,端;锋利,尖锐;
vt.在…上加边界;使渐进;给(刀刃)磨边,使锋利;修整;
vi.慢慢向前移动,侧身移动;
n.洗涤;洗涤剂;正在洗或待洗的衣服;洗下的污垢;
adj.洗涤用的;清洗用的;
v.wash的现在分词;
adj.好的;还不错的;很好的;
(1) (North Amercian English)to run for election
(2) election campaigns/results
(3) to win/lose an election
election[ɪˈlekʃn]
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adj.现实的;[艺] 现实主义的,[哲]实在论(者)的;逼真的;栩栩如生的;
n.[化]元素;要素;原理;[电]电阻丝;
(用于正式信函末尾署名前,在信的开头用了收信人的名字时)你真诚的,敬上,谨启;
n.选举,当选;选举权;[神]神的选择;
(1) eastern Spain
(2) eastern Europe
(3) the eastern slopes of the mountain
eastern[ˈi:stən]
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vt.谢谢,感谢;责怪,把…归于;
n.感谢,谢谢,道谢的话;
adj.东方的,东部(地方)的;朝东的;来自东方的;
n.东方人;(美国)东部地区的人;东正教信徒;
n.糖果;冰糖;〈美俚〉古柯碱,可卡因;巧克力;
vt.(用糖煮过以)保存;使结晶为砂糖;
adj.〈美俚〉(服饰)花哨的;甜言蜜语的;
n.油;石油;油画;燃油;
vt.给…加油;
vi.化成油;
(1) You can park on either side of the street.
(2) You can keep one of the photos. either of them─whichever you like.
(3) There are two types of qualification─either is acceptable.
either[ˈaɪðə(r)]
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n.犯罪,违反;冒犯,触怒;攻击;
pron.(两者之中)任何一个;
adj.(两者中)任一的;非此即彼的,两者择一的;
adv.(否定句中)也;[用于否定句或否定词组后]也(不…),亦,而且;[口语] [用于否定句或否定词组后以加强语气]根本;当然;
conj.[通常用于“either…or…”结构中]或者,要么[在“either…or…”结构中,动词的人称和数一般与离得最近的主动响应,但有时用第三人称单数,在口语中也有把两个主语
adj.焦虑的;紧张不安的;神经质的;
n.一月;[人名] 贾纽厄里;
(1) elsewhere, the weather today has been fairly sunny.
(2) Prices are higher here than elsewhere.
(3) Our favourite restaurant was closed, so we had to go elsewhere.
elsewhere[ˌelsˈweə(r)]
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vt.& vi.审判,评判;断定;
vt.估计;评价;(尤指)批评;想,认为;
n.法官;裁判员;评判员;鉴定人;
adv.在别处,到别处;他;
adv.真,真正;实在,果真;实际上;事实上;
vt.感觉;认为;触摸;试探;
vt.& vi.感觉,觉得;认为,以为;触摸;
n.感觉;触摸;感受;触觉;
vi.觉得;摸索;
(1) Her questions about my private life embarrassed me.
(2) I didn't want to embarrass him by kissing him in front of his friends.
(3) It embarrassed her to meet strange men in the corridor at night.
embarrass[ɪmˈbærəs]
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n.墙;屏障;隔阂;壁垒;
vt.& vi.筑墙围住,用墙隔开;围以墙;
adj.墙壁的;
vt.& vi.(使)窘迫,(使)局促不安;(使)困难;
adj.表现强烈情感的;令人动情的;易动感情的;感情脆弱的;
n.定义;规定,明确;[物]清晰度;解释;
(1) an electrical fault in the engine
(2) electrical equipment/appliances
(3) electrical power/energy
electrical[ɪˈlektrɪkl]
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adj.用电的,与电有关的,电学的;令人激动的,紧张的,惊人的;
adj.失去知觉的,无意识的;无意的,不自觉的;不知道的;不受意识控制的;
n.[心]无意识;
n.不快,痛苦;不幸;
vt.& vi.阅读,朗读;显示;研究;看得懂;
vt.显示;阅读;读懂,理解;
n.阅读;读物;读书;里德(人名);
adj.被朗读的;博识的;博览的;有学问的;
(1) We waited until the traffic had eased off.
(2) Share prices eased back from yesterday's levels.
(3) ease your grip on the wheel a little.
ease[i:z]
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adv.什么时候;(用于时间的表达方式之后)在那时;其时;当时;
conj.在…时;既然;如果;
pron.什么时候;那时;
n.时间,时候;日期;场合;
n.轻松,舒适;容易;安逸;不拘束,自在;
vt.解除痛苦;减轻;延缓;松弛;
vi.缓解,减少;轻松前进;
n.车库;汽车修理站;飞机库;
vt.把…送入车库;把(汽车)开进车库;
vi.赌博;投机,冒风险;孤注一掷;打赌;
vt.赌博,下赌注;使冒风险;
n.赌博或其他投机;冒险;
(1) privately educated children
(2) a British-educated lawyer
(3) He's a Princeton-educated Texan.
educated[ˈedʒukeɪtɪd]
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adj.微弱的,模糊的;软弱的;无勇气的;将昏倒似的;
vi.头晕,昏过去;渐渐不明,消失;
n.昏厥,昏倒;
adj.有教育的;受过良好训练的;
v.教育( educate的过去式和过去分词);训练;教导,教养;
n.(文章的)一段;经过;通路,通道;旅程,行程;
在船[火车, 飞机, 汽车]上;已装船;
(1) Just shut up, or else!
(2) He either forgot or else decided not to come.
(3) They can't be coming or else they'd have called.
else[els]
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vt.认出;识别;承认;
vi.承认,确认;[法律]具结,立保证书;
n.事实,实情;实际;真相,证据;犯罪行为;
n.波浪,波动;挥手;涌现的人(或事物);汹涌的行动(或思想)态势;
vi.摇摆,起伏;
vt.& vi.(一端固定地)飘扬;挥手指引;挥动…示意;略呈波形;
vt.挥手表示;挥舞;使…略呈波形;烫(发);
adv.其他;否则;另外;
adj.别的;其他的;
(1) an elderly couple
(2) elderly relatives
(3) ...an elderly couple...
elderly[ˈeldəli]
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adj.上了年纪的;过了中年的;较老的;
n.老人;
n.痕迹;记号;(品质或情感的)标志;目标;
vt.作记号;表示;给…打分;在…留下痕迹;
vi.评分;注意;(比赛中)记分;
n.速度;比率;等级;(利息等的)费率;
vt.估价;值得;责骂;定级;
vt.& vi.认为,把…算作;
vi.被评价;被认为;被列入;申斥;
n.雨伞;〈比喻〉保护物;[军]空中掩护幕;总括;
(1) to send a message by email
(2) Patrick emailed me yesterday.
(3) I'll email the documents to her.
email[ˈi:meɪl]
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n.电子邮件;
vt.给…发电子邮件;
adj.真实的;实际的;现行的;现在的;
vt.吸收(液体、气体等);吸引(注意);吞并,合并;忍受,承担(费用);
n.意外事件;事故;机遇,偶然;附属品;
(1) I was too nervous to eat.
(2) She doesn't eat sensibly (= doesn't eat food that is good for her) .
(3) I don't eat meat.
eat[i:t]
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n.阅读;宣读;读物;读数;
v.读( read的现在分词);看懂;理解;显示,标明;
n.季节,季;时期;活动期,时令;暂时;
vt.使适应,使适用;调味;
vt.& vi.使变干燥;
vt.& vi.吃,喝;
vi.(食物)吃起来感到;咬;(人)感到苦恼(或烦恼);侵蚀,腐蚀;
vt.(如酸)腐蚀;吃完;吃得使;侵蚀成;
pron.(两者之中)任何一个;
adj.(两者中)任一的;非此即彼的,两者择一的;
adv.(否定句中)也;[用于否定句或否定词组后]也(不…),亦,而且;[口语] [用于否定句或否定词组后以加强语气]根本;当然;
conj.[通常用于“either…or…”结构中]或者,要么[在“either…or…”结构中,动词的人称和数一般与离得最近的主动响应,但有时用第三人称单数,在口语中也有把两个主语
(1) The play was embarrassingly bad.
(2) The report is likely to prove highly embarrassing to the government.
(3) It was so embarrassing having to sing in public.
embarrassing[ɪmˈbærəsɪŋ]
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adj.使人尴尬的,令人为难的;
v.(使)窘迫,(使)局促不安( embarrass的现在分词);
abbr.(缩)上午,午前;
vt.& vi.帮助;有助于, 有利于;
vt.治疗;避免;招待(客人);给…盛(饭、菜);
n.帮助;助手;补救办法;有用;
vi.(在餐桌旁)招待,侍应,作仆人(或店员、服务员等);
int.[呼救语]救命!;
n.悲哀,忧伤,忧愁,悲哀;令人悲哀或忧伤的事物;愁眉苦脸,心境恶劣,心情恶劣;认真;
(1) an egg donor
(2) They were left with egg on their faces when only ten people showed up.
(3) He hit the other boy again and again as his friends egged him on.
egg[eg]
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变质;坏;
v.使…相配(match的ing形式);
adj.相配的;一致的;相称的;
n.匹配;
n.鸡蛋,蛋;卵;<俚>家伙;
vt.煽动,怂恿;用蛋烹调;<俚>向人扔鸡蛋;
adj.重的,沉重的;大量的,浓密的;激烈的;重型的;
n.重物;庄重的角色;
adv.密集地;大量地;笨重地;
(1) an electronic calculator
(2) electronic music
(3) This dictionary is available in electronic form.
electronic[ɪˌlekˈtrɒnɪk]
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adv.美丽地;漂亮地;<口>出色地;完美地;
adj.电子的;电子操纵的;用电子设备生产的;用电子设备完成的;
n.制造业,工业;
adj.制造业的,制造的;
v.(大规模)制造( manufacture的现在分词 );捏造;加工;粗制滥造(文学作品);
vt.陪伴,陪同;附加,补充;与…共存;为…伴奏;
vi.伴奏;
(1) an efficient secretary
(2) efficient heating equipment
(3) the efficient use of energy
efficient[ɪˈfɪʃnt]
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n.(加入组织或做某事付的)费;专业服务费,业务报酬;小费,赏钱;[法] 继承的产业;
vt.付给报酬,给小费;〈英〉雇用,聘请;
adj.有效率的;(直接)生效的;能干的;(因省钱、省时或省力等而)收效大的;
n.(织物、毛皮等的)手感;手柄;举动;柄状物;
vi.操作,操控;容易搬运;
vt.用双手触摸、举起或握住;用手操作,操纵;处理或负责,管理;〈美〉买卖,经营;
adj.暴力引起的;剧烈的,(风,爆炸等)猛烈的,狂暴的;感情强烈的;颜色强烈的;
(1) She's really in her element at parties.
(2) Are we going to brave the elements and go for a walk?
(3) to be exposed to the elements
element[ˈelɪmənt]
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adv.不幸地,遗憾地;可惜;不巧;
n.牺牲者,受害者;自找苦吃的人;受骗者,上当者;为祭祀杀死的动物(或人);
n.国家;民族;国民;政府;
n.[化]元素;要素;原理;[电]电阻丝;
(1) an economy fare (= the cheapest)
(2) We need to make substantial economies.
(3) It's a false economy to buy cheap clothes (= it seems cheaper but it is not really since they do not last very long) .
economy[ɪˈkɒnəmi]
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n.节约;经济;理财;秩序;
n.多数;(获胜的)票数;成年;法定年龄;
n.地区,某地区的人;与某处邻近的地区;
n.屏幕;银幕;屏风;
vt.筛(煤、矿石等);拍摄;放映(电影);庇护;
(1) a waste of electricity
(2) The electricity is off (= there is no electric power supply) .
(3) We moved into a cabin with electricity but no running water...
electricity[ɪˌlekˈtrɪsəti]
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n.电力;电流,静电;高涨的情绪;紧张;
adj.垂直的,竖立的;[解]头顶的;顶点的;[植]纵长的,直上的;
n.垂直线,垂直面;[建]竖杆;垂直位置;
n.<生>细胞;小牢房;电池;<诗>墓穴;
vi.住在牢房或小室中;
vt.囚禁;
n.同盟,联盟;协会,工会;联合,团结;
adj.工会的;
(1) She's embarrassed about her height.
(2) He felt embarrassed at being the centre of attention.
(3) Some women are too embarrassed to consult their doctor about the problem.
embarrassed[ɪmˈbærəst]
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n.年轻;青年,小伙子;初期,少年(青年)时期;〈集合词〉青少年们;
adj.局促不安的;为难的;尴尬的;窘迫的;
v.(使)窘迫,(使)局促不安( embarrass的过去式和过去分词);
遗漏; 省略; 未顾及; 忽略;
vt.& vi暗示;意味;隐含;说明,表明;
(1) [不可数名词]to check the effectiveness of the security system
(2) I admire the effective use of colour in her paintings.
(3) the effective, if not the actual, leader of the party
effective[ɪˈfektɪv]
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adj.有效的;起作用的;实际的,实在的;给人深刻印象;
n.[军]现役兵额,有生力量,精兵;
adv.是;(表示刚想起某事)哦;(表示不相信某人所言)真的吗;(鼓励某人继续讲)往下说;
n.“是”,“行”;同意,答应;肯定的回答;赞成票;
adv.究竟什么时候;不论何时;
conj.无论什么时候;随时;无论何时;每当;
vt.& vi.辩护;保卫;(足球、曲棍球等)防守;进行辩护;
(1) It's on the fifth floor, so we'd better take the elevator.
(2) Please use the next elevator.
(3) So what better place than their elevator?
elevator[ˈelɪveɪtə(r)]
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n.(鸟)窝;温床;(套叠在一起的)一套物件;藏匿处;
vt.筑巢;嵌套;
vi.筑巢;
adj.真正的;坦率的,真诚的;血统纯粹的,纯种的;[医学]真性的;
n.电梯;升降机(美);谷仓;
互相;
(1) an elected assembly/leader/representative
(2) the newly elected government
(3) She became the first black woman to be elected to the Senate.
elect[ɪˈlekt]
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n.记录,录音;唱片;录了音的磁带;录音的节目;
adj.记录的,录音的,录影的;自记的;记录用的;
v.记录,录音,拍摄( record的现在分词);显示,自动记下;标明;发表正式(或法律方面的)声明;
n.模式;花样,样品;图案;榜样,典范;
vt.模仿;以图案装饰;
vi.形成图案;
n.窘迫;难堪;令人难堪或耻辱的事;
vt.选举;挑出,挑选;决定;
vi.选择,挑选;进行选举;
adj.精选的,选出的;选中的,当选而尚未就职的;
n.被选的人;
(1) social, economic and political issues
(2) economic growth/cooperation/development/reform
(3) the government's economic policy
economic[ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪk]
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n.噪音;嘈杂声,喧闹声;声音,声响;杂音;
vt.谣传;哄传;传说;
vi.发出声音;大声议论;
vt.喂养;满足(欲望等);向…提供;供…作食物;
vi.吃,以…为食;流入,注入,进入(如油流入机器);[电子学]馈入;
n.饲料(尤指粗饲料),施肥;喂送;草料;(尤指向地方性电视台)馈送电视节目;
adj.容易的;舒适的;宽裕的;从容的;
adv.容易地;不费力地;悠闲地;缓慢地;
vi.停止划桨(常用作命令);
vt.向(水手或划手)发出停划命令;
adj.经济的;经济学的;合算的;有经济效益的;
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