(1) We were able to gauge the strength of the wind from the movement of the trees.
(2) precision instruments that can gauge the diameter to a fraction of a millimetre
(3) standard gauge (= 56½ inches in Britain)

(1) a reliable method of predicting earthquakes
(2) Nobody could predict the outcome.
(3) It is impossible to predict what will happen.

(1) Who's chairing the meeting?
(2) an old man asleep in a chair (= an armchair )
(3) She takes the chair in all our meetings.

(1) She asked him to clarify what he meant.
(2) clarified butter
(3) [不可数名词, 可数名词]I am seeking clarification of the regulations.

(1) He would never frighten anyone or cause them any harm .
(2) He may look fierce, but he means no harm .
(3) The court case will do serious harm to my business.

(1) Cuba gained independence from Spain in 1898.
(2) independence celebrations
(3) the first elections since independence

(1) I'm not normally allowed to stay out late.
(2) It's normally much warmer than this in July.
(3) It normally takes 20 minutes to get there.

(1) a perfect/smooth/safe landing
(2) the first Apollo moon landing
(3) The pilot was forced to make an emergency landing .

(1) a map of France
(2) a street map of Miami
(3) to read a/the map (= understand the information on a map)

(1) social, economic and political issues
(2) economic growth/cooperation/development/reform
(3) the government's economic policy

(1) She said it as loudly as she dared.
(2) He didn't dare (to) say what he thought.
(3) They daren't ask for any more money.

(1) You coward! What are you afraid of?
(2) I'm a real coward when it comes to going to the dentist.
(3) a cowardly attack on a defenceless man

(1) He sent the order by messenger.
(2) a motorcycle messenger
(3) There will be a messenger at the Airport to collect the photographs from our courier...

(1) a bus/theatre/plane, etc. ticket
(2) free tickets to the show
(3) tickets are available from the Arts Centre at £2.50.

(1) Students were playing computer games in the dorm.
(2) I love the dorm and I miss them, my roommates.
(3) Rooms range from dorm beds to private standard twindouble, suitable for individuals, families coming for leisure.

(1) the sheer joy of being with her again
(2) to dance for/with joy
(3) I didn't expect them to jump for joy at the news (= to be very pleased) .

(1) The tortoise wins the race while the hare is sleeping.
(2) A tortoise has a shell on his back.
(3) The hare and the tortoise are going to have a race!

(1) I'm waiting for the apples to ripen...
(2) You can ripen the tomatoes on a sunny windowsill.
(3) It can cause other foods to ripen too quickly.

(1) They bundled her into the back of a car.
(2) He was bundled off to boarding school.
(3) We bundled out onto the street.

(1) hydrogen is used extensively in industry for the production of ammonia.
(2) He mobilized public opinion all over the world against hydrogen-bomb tests.
(3) Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen combine chemically to form carbohydrates and fats.

(1) "daring Adventures" from '86 is a far more cohesive and successful album.
(2) His daring rescue saved the lives of the youngsters.
(3) Bergit was probably more daring than I was.

(1) to lead/form a government
(2) the last Conservative government
(3) the government of the day

(1) a rapid climb to stardom
(2) the long slow climb out of the recession
(3) the dollar's climb against the euro

(1) They carried out a bombing raid on enemy bases.
(2) They were arrested during a dawn raid .
(3) an armed bank raid

(1) He brought out a notebook and pen from his pocket.
(2) ...her reporter's notebook.
(3) ...a range of notebook computers which allows all your important information to travel safely with you.

(1) a small dictionary for everyday use
(2) The Internet has become part of everyday life .
(3) everyday objects

(1) magnetic materials
(2) The block becomes magnetic when the current is switched on.
(3) magnetic properties/forces

(1) He was unfortunate to lose in the final round.
(2) It was an unfortunate accident.
(3) She described the decision as ‘unfortunate ’.

(1) a history/science, etc. teacher
(2) primary school teachers
(3) There is a growing need for qualified teachers of Business English.

(1) The city is a mixture of old and new buildings.
(2) We listened to the news with a mixture of surprise and horror.
(3) cake mixture

(1) He braked suddenly, causing the front wheels to skid.
(2) One of the boys was pushing the other along in a little box on wheels .
(3) This is the first time I've sat behind the wheel since the accident.

(1) industrial unrest
(2) industrial output
(3) an industrial accident

(1) theories of how the universe began
(2) The idea of a parallel universe is hard to grasp.
(3) He lives in a little universe of his own.

(1) oil-fuelled power stations
(2) The helicopter was already fuelled (up) and ready to go.
(3) to fuel speculation/rumours/fears

(1) How many goals has he missed this season?
(2) The bullet missed her by about six inches.
(3) She threw a plate at him and only narrowly missed .

(1) They planned to march on and liberate the city...
(2) They made a triumphal march into their liberated city.
(3) He asked how committed the leadership was to liberating its people from poverty.

(1) a leather jacket
(2) The soles are made of leather.
(3) a leather-bound book

(1) She took a mouthful of food and then suddenly spat it out.
(2) He was spitting blood from a badly cut lip.
(3) He coughed and spat.

(1) She's a wonderful singer.
(2) an opera singer
(3) My mother was a singer in a dance band.

(1) ...soviet athletes.
(2) In 1957, the soviets launched Sputnik 1 into outer space.
(3) ...the supreme soviet.