背单词v3

(1) His speech was a powerful spur to action.
(2) I phoned him up on the spur of the moment.
(3) a spur-of-the-moment decision

spur
[spɜ:(r)]
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adj.（动物）多鳞的；（皮肤）干燥粗糙的；鳞片状；

vt.预防；阻碍；阻止；[宗教]引领；
vi.阻挠，阻止；

adj.不用言辞表达的；

n.马刺；激励因素；支柱；（公路或铁路的）支线；
vt.策（马）前进；（尤指用马刺）策（马）加速；鞭策；
vi.策马飞奔；急速前进；

(1) the bleak/rugged/dramatic, etc. landscape of the area
(2) the woods and fields that are typical features of the English landscape
(3) an urban/industrial landscape

landscape
[ˈlændskeɪp]
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n.风景；风景画；乡村风景画；地形；
vt.对…做景观美化，给…做园林美化；从事庭园设计；
vi.美化（环境等），使景色宜人；做庭园设计师；

adj.适于抓住的；

vi.减弱，平息；（洪水）退去，（热度）消退；沉下去；坐下；

n.窗玻璃；窗格；嵌板；方框；
vt.装窗玻璃于；镶嵌板于；用染色小布片拼做（衣服）；

(1) a lake, still and serene in the sunlight
(2) serenely beautiful
(3) She smiled serenely.

serene
[səˈri:n]
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n.方言，行话；

n.繁茂，丰富；充沛，充溢；

大惊小怪；大做文章；

adj.沉静的，宁静的，安宁的；安详的；晴朗的；清澈的；

(1) We encourage all members to strive for the highest standards.
(2) striving against corruption
(3) Newspaper editors all strive to be first with a story.

strive
[straɪv]
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n.不变，不变性，永恒性；

n.发起者，主办者；担保者；倡议者，提案人；后援组织；
vt.赞助；

n.快乐，高兴；使人高兴的东西或人；
vt.使高兴，使欣喜；
vi.感到高兴[快乐]；

vi.努力奋斗，力求；斗争，力争；

(1) to face a dilemma
(2) to be in a dilemma
(3) The issue raises a moral dilemma.

dilemma
[dɪˈlemə]
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vt.压破，压碎；镇压；弄皱；挤榨，榨出；
vi.挤；被压碎，被起皱；
n.粉碎，被压碎的状态；（特指女子对男性的）迷恋；拥挤的人群；果汁饮料；

与…抗争；

n.窘境，困境；进退两难；

vt.实施，执行；使生效，实现；落实（政策）；把…填满；
n.工具，器械；家具；手段；[法]履行（契约等）；

(1) She's very conscious of the problems involved.
(2) He became acutely conscious of having failed his parents.
(3) I was vaguely conscious that I was being watched.

conscious
[ˈkɒnʃəs]
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adj.有意识的，神志清醒的；自觉的，有意的；（痛苦，感情，冷气等）感觉得到的；同“self-conscious“；

adj.最适宜的；
n.最佳效果；最适宜条件；[生物学] 最适度；

n.[计算机]程序；例行公事；日常工作；固定节目；
adj.例行的；常规的；日常的；普通的；

n.假期，休假；[古] 空出，撤出，辞去；
vi.度假；

(1) I always associate the smell of baking with my childhood.
(2) He is closely associated in the public mind with horror movies.
(3) I don't like you associating with those people.

associate
[əˈsəuʃieit]
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n.散文；单调，平凡；枯燥无味的话，无聊的议论；
vt.用散文写，把…改写成散文；平淡无趣地写；啰啰唆唆地讲；

博士学位；

vt.（使）发生联系；（使）联合；结交；联想；
vi.联盟；陪伴同事；n.合伙人；伴侣，同志；非正式会员；
adj.联合的；合伙的；非正式的；（性质上）有密切联系的；

vt.使发展；使进化；设计，制订出；发出，散发；
vi.发展；[生]通过进化进程发展或发生；

(1) an incest taboo
(2) a taboo on working on a Sunday
(3) to break/violate a taboo

taboo
[təˈbu:]
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n.入侵，侵略；侵害，侵犯；侵袭；[医]发病；

adj.第三的；<医>第三期的；(T-)<地>第三纪的；<化>叔的；
n.(T-)<地>第三纪；第三系；三期梅毒病害；<宗>第三级教士；

n.禁忌；忌讳；戒律；禁忌的事物（或行为）；
adj.禁忌的，忌讳的；
vt.把…列为禁忌，禁止；

vt.& vi.（使）自动化；使自动操作；

(1) Occasionally they paid for their indiscretion with their lives.
(2) He talked to the press in a moment of indiscretion.
(3) He had committed a minor sexual indiscretion.

indiscretion
[ˌɪndɪˈskreʃn]
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n.有利条件；益处；优越（性）；处于支配地位；
vt.有利于；有益于；促进；使处于有利地位；
vi.得益，获利；

n.不慎重的举止，轻率的言行；

n.前哨；警戒部队；前哨基地；边区村落；

vt.公开；揭露；使显露；使暴露；

(1) Does such an activity constitute a criminal offence?
(2) The increase in racial tension constitutes a threat to our society.
(3) Female workers constitute the majority of the labour force.

constitute
[ˈkɔnstitju:t]
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vt.提出，开出；放弃，让与；报答；归还；
vi.给予补偿；熬油；
n.纳贡；（墙壁的）初涂，打底；（抹在墙上的）底灰；底层；

n.暴徒；犯罪团伙，黑手党；民众，乌合之众；〈美俚〉匪帮，一群罪犯；
vt.聚众包围；大举包围，围攻；蜂拥进入；

vt.构成，组成；制定，设立；等同于；指派；

adj.（指空气）暖和的；温暖的；芳香的；能止痛的；

(1) The figures are astronomical.
(2) Interest rates are astronomically high.
(3) astronomical observations

astronomical
[ˌæstrəˈnɒmɪkl]
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照料自己；自力谋生；

v.反抗；叛；

vt.& vi.控制；在…中占首要地位；在…中具有最重要（或明显）的特色；在…中拥有最重要的位置；
vt.耸立于，俯临；支配；施加；

adj.天文学的；极大的；

(1) He managed to endear himself to my entire family.
(2) Her object was to endear herself to her friend.
(3) His human compassion and respect for others endear him to many.

endear
[ɪnˈdɪə(r)]
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vt.使受喜爱；使亲密；使被爱恋；

vt.超过；优于；胜过；非…所能办到；

n.牛马饲料；寻找粮草；
vi.搜寻（食物），尤指动物觅（食）；（尤指用手）搜寻（东西）；

vi.同时共存，和平共处；

(1) His lecture was readily intelligible to all the students.
(2) The language of Darwin was intelligible to experts and non-experts alike...
(3) The woman moaned faintly but made no intelligible response.

intelligible
[ɪnˈtelɪdʒəbl]
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vt.打扰，妨碍；使骚动；使不安，使烦恼；妨碍睡眠（休息等）；

adj.[医]压碎的，粉碎的；
v.压碎，压坏( crush的过去式和过去分词 )；破坏；镇压；榨；

n.可靠性，确实性，真实性；

adj.可理解的，明白易懂的，清楚的；

(1) Students over 25 fall into a different category .
(2) The results can be divided into three main categories .
(3) This book clearly falls into the category of fictionalised autobiography...

category
[ˈkætəgəri]
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vt.使文明；使开化；教化；启发；
vi.变得文明；

n.类型，部门，种类，类别，类目；[逻，哲]范畴；体重等级；

生（孩子），生育；引起，产生；娩出；娩；

n.免疫；

(1) extant remains of the ancient wall
(2) Two fourteenth-century manuscripts of this text are still extant...
(3) The oldest extant document is dated 1492.

extant
[ekˈstænt]
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adj.现存的，仍然存在的；

n.预言者，预兆；
vt.预告；充做…的前驱；

vi.呼吸；活着，生存；小憩一会儿，歇歇气；散发香气；
vt.呼吸；吸进（如香气）；尤指平静地吐露，低语；使…明显的，暗示；

adv.因此，于是；依据；照着，相应地；

(1) This is a pity, because noise abatement really is a good cause, and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with bad science.
(2) Fractures of the nose may be associated with septal tractures and hematomas.
(3) These procedures were likely to be associated with complications.

be associated with

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和…联系在一起；与…有关；

n.土堆，土丘；堆；[考古学] 坟墩；[棒球] 投球区土墩；

vt.使受欢迎；普及；使通俗化；使流行；

n.穿过；横贯，横切；横木；[建]横梁；
vt.横越，横贯；通过；[法]否认，反驳；[木工]横刨；
vi.来回移动；旋转；横越；
adj.横贯的；横切的；

(1) Wet days alternate with fine days.
(2) Day and night alternate with each other.
(3) Due to the heavy workload, they decide to alternate with the work.

alternate with
[ˈɔːltə(r)neɪt wið]
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n.范围；射程；类别；（山脉，房屋等的）排列；
vi.搜索；变化；延伸；漫游；
vt.排列；（按一定位置或顺序）排序；把…分类；徘徊；
adj.牧场的，放牧区的；

vt.& vi.（使）窘迫，（使）局促不安；（使）困难；

发出；放出；散发出；放射出；

轮流，交换；相间；

(1) Three will not divide into eleven.
(2) According to role which its plays, may divide into the basic maxim and the concrete criterion.
(3) On greenery, M & S reckons that British consumers divide into four broad groups.

divide into
[diˈvaid ˈɪntuː]
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分成，分为；

与…相比，跟…相比；

adj.习惯的；通常的；照惯例的；
n.习惯法；风俗志；

adj.假设的，假定的；有前提的；爱猜想的；假想；

(1) Have you any comment to make about the cause of the disaster?
(2) She made helpful comments on my work.
(3) The director was not available for comment.

comment
[ˈkɒment]
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n.评论；注释；意见；说明；
vt.& vi.评论，谈论；
vt.表达意见；解释，注释；
vi.作注释；作注解；作解释；作评语；

n.类似；相像性；相仿性；类似性，相似物；

adj.深远的，广泛的，深至远处的；

adj.离奇的；奇特的（指态度，容貌，款式等）；奇怪的；奇幻；

(1) The problem was to safeguard sites from encroachment by property development.
(2) encroachment on any enterprise run by the national bourgeoisie is strictly prohibited.
(3) The eagle broke away and defiantly continued its encroachment.

encroachment
[ɪnˈkrəʊtʃmənt]
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n.侵入，侵占，侵蚀；

vt.释放；放开；发布；发行；
n.释放，排放，解除；释放令；公映的新影片，发布的新闻[消息]；

vt.& vi.（使）发出格格的响声，（使）作嘎嘎声；喋喋不休地说话；
vi.迅速而嘎嘎作响地移动，堕下或走动；
vt.使紧张，使恐惧；给（桅索）扎梯绳；
n.嘎嘎声；发出嘎嘎声的儿童玩具；呼噜声；音响构造；

在另一方面；

(1) Things are manic in the office at the moment.
(2) The performers had a manic energy and enthusiasm.
(3) manic mood swings

manic
[ˈmænɪk]
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adj.<医>躁狂的，患躁狂病的；疯狂的；
n.躁狂者；

n.惊愕；惊惶失措；惊恐；

n.车辆；交通工具；传播媒介，媒介物；[药]赋形剂；

n.血统，世系；

(1) I won't encroach on your time any longer.
(2) He never allows work to encroach upon his family life.
(3) The growing town soon encroached on the surrounding countryside.

encroach
[enˈkrəʊtʃ]
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n.透镜，望远镜；观点，看法；远景，景色；洞察力；
adj.（按照）透视画法的；透视的；

vi.侵犯；侵占；蚕食；侵蚀；
vt.侵入，侵犯；侵略，侵占；侵害；侵蚀；

vt.改变；改观；变换；
vi.改变；
n.[数]变换式；

n.反映；（关于某课题的）思考；（声、光、热等的）反射；映像；

(1) intense heat/cold/pain
(2) The President is under intense pressure to resign.
(3) the intense blue of her eyes

intense
[ɪnˈtens]
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n.解释，说明；翻译；表演，演绎；理解；

n.有，所有，拥有；领地；财产，所有权，占有物，所有物；持有违禁物；

n.马刺；激励因素；支柱；（公路或铁路的）支线；
vt.策（马）前进；（尤指用马刺）策（马）加速；鞭策；
vi.策马飞奔；急速前进；

adj.热情的，强烈的，紧张的；热烈的，热情的，认真的；[摄]（底片）明暗度强的；有强烈感情（或意见、想法）的；

be representative of

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n.阶段；舞台；戏剧；驿站；
vt.& vi.上演，演出；筹办，举行；适于上演；坐公共马车旅行；
vt.举行；展现；上演；筹划；
vi.适于上演，适合在舞台上演出；乘公交车（或驿车）旅行；[军事]中间集结，扎营；

归因于…，产生于…；起源；

代表…，表现…，是…的典型；

无忧的；

(1) The greatest of all faults is to be conscious of none.
(2) The greatest of faults is to be conscious of none.
(3) be conscious of your stomach rising very gently as you inhale.

be conscious of
[bi: ˈkɔnʃəs ɔv]
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adj.牧民生活的，田园风味的，乡村风味的；
n.牧歌；田园诗；农民；牧人；

知道；意识；察觉；

adj.侵略的，侵犯的，攻势的；（美）有进取心的，积极行动的；有进取心的，有闯劲的；好争斗的，借故生端的，爱打架的，要打架的；

n.糖浆，糖汁；糖浆类药品；甜蜜的情感；果汁，甜汁；

(1) Old people often subsist on very small incomes.
(2) The living things on the earth could not subsist on Mars.
(3) Many people in the world have to subsist on $ 1 a day.

subsist on
[səbˈsɪst ɔn]
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依靠…生活；

adj.后来的；随后的；作为结果而发生的；附随的；

详细地；

n.星座；一群杰出人物；一系列（相关的想法、事物）；一群（相关的人）；

(1) He didn't like the media probing into his past.
(2) a TV programme that probed government scandals in the 1990s
(3) The doctor probed the wound for signs of infection.

probe
[prəub]
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n.专业，专长；特点，特别事项；特性，特质；<律>盖印的契约；
adj.特色的；专门的；独立的；

实施，实行；

n.遗产；遗赠；

n.[医]（对伤处等的）针探，探查；[医]探针，取样器；探头；探测仪；
vt.& vi.探索，调查；用探针（或探测器等）探查，探测；
vt.盘问；（用试探性袭击等）侦察（敌情）；用尖物刺穿（物件）；用力使向前推进；

(1) the North/South divide
(2) the divide between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland
(3) The issue has divided the government.

divide
[dɪˈvaɪd]
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vt.& vi.分；划分；分离；（使）产生分歧；
n.分水岭，分界线；分配；

vt.使（液体）溅起；
vi.（指液体）溅落；
n.（光、色等的）斑点；溅泼声；溅上的斑点；溅泼的量；

vt.& vi.代替，替换，代用；
n.代替者；替补（运动员）；替代物；[语法学]代用词；
vi.用…替代；

adv.不断地，时常地；时刻；常川；历来；

(1) in terms of his professional abilities, he's just no match for you.
(2) Social diversity is thus explicable in terms of an underlying structure consisting largely of economic factors.
(3) Think of it in terms of an investment.

in terms of

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根据；用…的话；就…而言；以…为单位；

vt.规定；使明确；精确地解释；画出…的线条；
vi.（给词、短语等）下定义，构成释义；

v.以…为傲；

adj.占优势的；统治的，支配的；[生]显性的；高耸的；
n.[生]显性性状，显性基因；优势物种；[乐]全阶第五音；主因，要素；

(1) He is notoriously indiscreet about his private life...
(2) Had he been indiscreet in what he had said?
(3) Ten to one , you would have thought him a tasteless, indiscreet methodistical man.

indiscreet
[ˌɪndɪˈskri:t]
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adj.不慎重的；轻率的；不明智的；不警觉的；

n.细胞膜质，纤维素；（用于制作涂料、漆等的）纤维素化合物；

adj.陡峭的，险峻的；过分的，夸张的；极高的；急剧升降的；
vt.浸泡；使渗透或沉溺；使浸透；
vi.在液体中浸泡；
n.泡的行为或过程；被浸泡的状态；浸泡液；

n.类型，部门，种类，类别，类目；[逻，哲]范畴；体重等级；

(1) alternate cubes of meat with slices of red pepper.
(2) alternating dark and pale stripes
(3) Dark stripes alternate with pale ones.

alternate
[ˈɔːltə(r)neɪt]
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adj.轮流的；交替的；间隔的；代替的；
vi.交替；轮流；
vt.使交替；使轮流；
n.〈美〉（委员）代理人；候补者；替换物；

n.（强烈的）倾向，爱好，嗜好；

n.安装；装置；永久性军事基地；就职；

在前头；预先，事先；提前；先期；

(1) to give a grunt of effort/pain
(2) He grunted something about being late and rushed out.
(3) When I told her what had happened she just grunted and turned back to her book.

grunt
[grʌnt]
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vi.作呼噜声；（指人）发出类似的哼声；
vt.咕哝着说；发哼声，咕哝；
n.（猪等的）呼噜声；咕哝，牢骚；

v.行；走；往；回（家）；

n.合计；聚集体；骨料；集料（可成混凝土或修路等用的）；
adj.总数的，总计的；聚合的；[地]聚成岩的；
vt.使聚集，使积聚；总计达；

vt.砍倒，打倒；
n.兽皮；一季的木材采伐量；
adj.残忍的；凶恶的；
v.掉下；摔倒；变坏(fall的过去式)；

(1) He stopped, uncertain how to put the question tactfully.
(2) The advice wasn't very tactfully worded.
(3) She put it very tactfully.

tactfully
[ˈtæktfəlɪ]
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vt.限制，限定；约束，束缚；

adj.有意的，故意的；策划的；

adj.放射性的；

adv.言行得体地，不得罪人地，能赢得好感地；

(1) Old people often subsist on very small incomes.
(2) The terms of the contract subsist.
(3) The prisoners subsisted on one mug of the worst quality porridge three times a day...

subsist
[səbˈsɪst]
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n.不慎重的举止，轻率的言行；

vi.（靠很少的钱或食物）维持生活，生存下去；

adj.属于偏执狂的；患妄想狂的；过分猜疑的；
n.偏执狂患者；妄想症患者；

adj.热情的，强烈的，紧张的；热烈的，热情的，认真的；[摄]（底片）明暗度强的；有强烈感情（或意见、想法）的；

(1) That wasn't a very tactful thing to say!
(2) I tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.
(3) a tactfully worded reply

tactful
[ˈtæktfl]
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adj.机智的，机敏的；得体的；老练的，圆滑的；婉转；

vt.& vi.贡献出；捐赠（款项）；投稿（给杂志等）；出力；vt.& vi.捐助；撰稿；投稿；
vt.增加，增进，添加（到某物）；

adj.乡下的，农村的；田园的；地方的；农业的；

adj.挑衅的；蔑视的；大胆的；目中无人的；

(1) a representative of the UN
(2) our elected representatives in government
(3) a union representative

representative
[ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv]
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n.代表；继任者；议员；类似物；
adj.典型的；有代表性的；代议制的；相当[类似]（另一种属）的；

vi.死亡，丧生；毁灭；腐烂，枯萎；老化；
vt.使麻木；使毁坏；

adj.显著的；引人注目的；容貌出众的；妩媚动人的；
v.打( strike的现在分词)；击；敲响；报时；

n.瑞格舞（西印度群岛的一种舞蹈及舞曲）；

(1) He showed a reckless disregard for his own safety.
(2) She was a good rider, but reckless.
(3) He had always been reckless with money.

reckless
[ˈrekləs]
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adj.鲁莽的，不顾危险的；粗心大意的；满不在乎的；胆大妄为；

n.梗概，大纲，提纲，草稿，要点，主要原则；外形，轮廓，轮廓线，轮廓画法，略图（画法）；
vt.概述；略述；画轮廓，打草图，描略图；

adj.世界性的，全世界的；四海为家的；全球的；
n.世界主义者；四海为家者；

vt.（使）散开，（使）分散，驱散；
vi.撒开；分散；
n.撒布，散播；

(1) Though off-puttingly complicated in detail, local taxes are in essence simple.
(2) It wasn't a spur-of-the-moment decision. We discussed it in detail beforehand.
(3) We examine the wording in detail before deciding on the final text.

in detail
[in ˈdi:teil]
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n.依附；坚持；忠诚；密着；

adj.迂回的，曲折的；不光明正大的，不正直的；不坦诚的，狡猾的；不正当；

n.礼仪，礼节；规矩；礼数；

详细地；

(1) To give birth to ( a calf ).
(2) To give birth to ( a litter of pigs ).
(3) Mothers contaminated by radioactive materials may give birth to babies with mental deficiency.

give birth to
[ɡiv bə:θ tu:]
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vt.诱惑；怂恿；

adj.基本的；必要的；本质的；精华的；
n.必需品；基本要素；必不可少的东西；

n.安慰；舒适；使人舒服的事物；给予援助或安慰的人或事；
vt.安慰，使舒适；使（痛苦等）缓和；

生（孩子），生育；引起，产生；娩出；娩；

(1) My small business operates on a razor - thin profit margin.
(2) It'seems the panda's chance of survival is razor - thin.
(3) Objective To investigate the clinical result grafting razor - thin graft onto the donor site of the split - skin.

razor-thin

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adv.很，十分，特别，极其；离奇地；出奇；倍加；

在于；位于；躺在；分娩；

n.自然选择，物竞天择说；

adj.极薄的，极微弱的；