(1) ...a Russian-born professor who had immigrated to the United States...
(2) He immigrated from Ulster in 1848...
(3) European families emigrating from their homelands were encouraged to immigrate into Australia after World War II.

(1) To whom it may concern … (= used for example, at the beginning of a public notice or of a job reference about sb's character and ability)
(2) Everyone who was directly concerned in (= had some responsibility for) the incident has now resigned.
(3) The individuals concerned have some explaining to do.

(1) a maternity/surgical/psychiatric/children's, etc. ward
(2) He worked as a nurse on the children's ward .
(3) The child was made a ward of court .

(1) We need to establish where she was at the time of the shooting.
(2) It has since been established that the horse was drugged.
(3) He has just set up his own business but it will take him a while to get established .

(1) the New York metropolitan area
(2) metropolitan districts/regions
(3) metropolitan France/Spain

(1) to have catholic tastes (= to like many different things)
(2) a catholic church
(3) Are they catholic or Protestant?

(1) What frustrates him is that there's too little money to spend on the project.
(2) The rescue attempt was frustrated by bad weather.
(3) These questions frustrated me...

(1) They overestimated his ability when they promoted him.
(2) The importance of these findings cannot be overestimated (= is very great) .
(3) With hindsight, he was overestimating their desire for peace.

(1) the North York moors
(2) to go for a walk on the moors
(3) moor and rough grassland

(1) an obedient child
(2) He was always obedient to his father's wishes.
(3) blind/complete/unquestioning/total obedience

(1) Social tensions were manifested in the recent political crisis.
(2) The symptoms of the disease manifested themselves ten days later.
(3) His nervousness was manifest to all those present.

(1) a victim of oppression and tyranny
(2) The children had no protection against the tyranny of their father.
(3) the tyrannies of Nazi rule

(1) a radiant smile
(2) The bride looked radiant.
(3) She was radiant with health.

(1) a vicious attack
(2) a vicious criminal
(3) She has a vicious temper.

(1) And a rejected baby black panther in Serbia has been adopted by a dog.
(2) Axis panther Tanks can now crush Tank Traps.
(3) And a rejected baby black panther has been adopted by a dog.

(1) to plan/lead/go on an expedition to the North Pole
(2) Three members of the Everest expedition were killed.
(3) a shopping expedition

(1) highly productive farming land
(2) productive workers
(3) a productive meeting

(1) a business beset by price wars and market saturation (= the fact that no new customers can be found)
(2) saturation bombing of the city (= covering the whole city)
(3) There was saturation coverage (= so much that it was impossible to avoid it or add to it) of the event by the media.

(1) The barman beamed a warm smile at her.
(2) ‘I'd love to come, ’ she beamed (= said with a large smile) .
(3) Live pictures of the ceremony were beamed around the world.

(1) He has a very tolerant attitude towards other religions.
(2) The plants are tolerant of frost.
(3) They need to be tolerant of different points of view...

(1) Her speech to party members was not intended for public consumption (= to be heard by the public) .
(2) consumption rather than saving has become the central feature of contemporary societies.
(3) the production of fuel for domestic consumption (= to be used in the country where it is produced)

(1) Frederick the Great was the patron of many artists.
(2) patrons are requested not to smoke.
(3) Catherine the Great was a patron of the arts and sciences.

(1) full board and lodging (= a room to stay in and all meals provided)
(2) It was cheaper to live in lodgings than in a hotel.
(3) He was given free lodging in a three-room flat.

(1) of inferior quality
(2) inferior goods
(3) to make sb feel inferior

(1) the radial pattern of public transport facilities
(2) The white marble floors were inlaid in a radial pattern of brass.
(3) radial stress , axis stress and shear stress at the critical interface regions are obtained and compared.

(1) Some doctors believe ignorance is bliss and don't give their patients all the facts.
(2) Children often behave badly out of/through ignorance .
(3) She was kept in ignorance of her husband's activities.

(1) physical perfection
(2) The fish was cooked to perfection .
(3) The novel achieves a perfection of form that is quite new.

(1) The grenades had busted every crate and punched rents into the walls.
(2) There's hardly any stuffing left in the sofa.
(3) You will dirty the sofa if you put your muddy shoes on it.

(1) intonation patterns
(2) In English, some questions have a rising intonation.
(3) His voice had a very slight German intonation.

(1) Don't get upset─I was only teasing.
(2) I used to get teased about my name.
(3) to tease wool into strands

(1) Gas holdup and liquid circulation in an internal airlift loop reactor were investigated.
(2) In fact, anything in or near the reactor becomes radioactive.
(3) This paper introduces a simple design philosophy of ethylene oxide reactor at specific conditions.

(1) the rolling hills that characterize this part of England
(2) We ordinarily characterize an action as responsible if it was intended.
(3) Several different names have emerged to characterize different parts of the spectrum.

(1) a leakage of toxic waste into the sea
(2) Check bottles for leakage before use.
(3) A leakage of kerosene has polluted water supplies...

(1) This story is total fabrication.
(2) His story was a complete fabrication.
(3) This is a sheer fabrication.

(1) I like singing hymns.
(2) ...a hymn book.
(3) ...a hymn to freedom and rebellion...

(1) a delicate watch mechanism
(2) mechanisms for dealing with complaints from the general public
(3) the balance mechanism in the ears

(1) a traditional bourgeois family
(2) bourgeois attitudes/tastes
(3) They've become very bourgeois since they got married.

(1) opaque glass
(2) opaque tights
(3) The jargon in his talk was opaque to me.

(1) mars has an insubstantial atmosphere, consisting almost entirely of carbon dioxide.
(2) The planet mars will be visible to the naked eye all week.
(3) He stole a mars bar from the school tuck shop.

(1) a patriotic man who served his country well
(2) patriotic songs
(3) Woosnam is fiercely patriotic...